If you think of personhood as something that changes, as seems quite natural - I'm not quite the same person as I was yesterday, or will be tomorrow - then life can be viewed as a continuous act of altruism. For yesterday's self should have acted to look after today's, and did, more or less, as I am here. And today, I must act to look after tomorrow's.
By Mark Vernon on Tuesday, March 9 2010, 08:10 - Science
George Monbiot has a typically robust piece in the paper today, lamenting that people don't believe the science on climate change, that there is no simple solution to reverse that disbelief, and that science itself predicts this might happen because psychology shows we tend not to be fact-following creatures and are bad at assessing risks.
There's no doubt much in what he says, though I can't help but feel his slightly sniffy attitude towards those who doubt the science means he misses other possibly quite good reasons why people do so. Here's two I can think of.
First, Monbiot notes that modern science is highly specialised; many scientists work in silos of expertise. And I suspect that ordinary folk think that's risky, for we're very alert to the dangers of silo-thinking. You only have to think of the computer-says-no phenomenon (the scientific way of life that can't think out of the box), or proffered dietary advice (specialist science that apparently quite routinely contradicts itself), or the mathematically brilliant economists who failed to predict the financial crisis. If that's people's everyday experience of science in their lives, little wonder they don't trust it.
Second, science has a poor record at predicting calamity. The most recent case in point was swine flu. More confusingly still, when one arm of science predicts we're all falling off the edge of a cliff, another arm of science predicts tomorrow's technological utopia. Who to believe: Gaia doomsters or transhumanist dreamsters?
Let me stress, I'm not a climate change denier! But there are good reasons, alongside the bad, for people doubting science. Monbiot might do well to factor that into his lament.
By Mark Vernon on Monday, March 8 2010, 10:25 - Science
Michael Ruse comments on the philosophers who are questioning evolution - Plantinga, Fodor and Nagel - in The Chronicle of Higher Education. He's always worth reading on the subject as an evolutionist who usually manages to negotiate the politics of evolution rather well.
However, on this occasion he adopts a 'with us or against us' hermeneutic. Question evolutionary theory and you're within a fruit fly's whisker of intelligent design, if not creationism. But why is it so hard for evolutionists to do so; why is the only acceptable research that which aims to expand Darwinism's scope? Why must there be no middle ground that can say Darwinism is right to one level of approximation but arguably not complete, in much the same way as physicists say of Newtonianism?
It's the foul politics of evolution. Surely it's distorting the science. But you don't have to be an intelligent designer to wonder whether evolution is up to explaining our moral natures, the intricate workings of DNA or the origins of life. And you don't have to make a seemingly dogmatic commitment to naturalistic materialism for fear of religious supernaturalism. It's just not good enough to say that evolutionary research is booming, with the implication that it will therefore provide all the good answers in time. Newtonian physics was booming at the turn of the 20th century, until 1905 stopped it in its tracks.
By Mark Vernon on Monday, March 8 2010, 10:06 - Moral matters
I was reading Choosing The Common Good over the weekend, and I think I understand another reason why I'm very wary of the Catholic bishops' advocacy of virtue ethics. It's because theirs is actually an amalgam of virtue description and rule prescription. Or to put it another way, it's a mix of life as a moral art and life as a moral science. And the two approaches don't mix very well.
The Catholic stipulations against sex outside of marriage provide a good case in point. To have a blanket ban can only come from a rule approach. It's wrong, period. But with a virtue approach, pre-marital sexual exploration, say, may be a great good, if not without risks - though virtue ethics requires the taking of risks to gain the practical intelligence it so values. Hence too the desirability of sex education. Also, a virtue approach doesn't see any strict distinction between sex and love, one flowing from the other in the good life. There are some sexual relationships its unwise, even bad, to pursue. But marriage as a inviolable demarcation comes to look rather arbitrary - and unjust in the case of lovers for whom marriage is not an option, as, in the eyes of the church, is the case for lesbians and gays.
By Mark Vernon on Friday, March 5 2010, 06:59 - Religion
Whilst in the US, I've searched out kindred souls - other religiously-inclined agnostics trying to write about it. Meeting Lisa Webster and Nathan Schneider, of Religion Dispatches and Killing the Buddha respectively, has been particularly good. Lisa calls herself a pious agnostic - perhaps echoing Nietzsche's thought that even after the death of god, we are all still pious; Nathan a critic of religion - appreciative, like music critic, as well as in the more deconstructive sense. Both ascriptions seem to fit well with my more clunking religiously-inclined agnostic.
Three reflections have been clear to me from our conversations.
1. The necessity of community Killing the Buddha was formed explicitly to provide a virtual place for individuals to come together with committed goodwill, though not necessarily agreement, to discuss, test, take risks, explore. Though I often have conversations with people who are religiously 'in between', a community is so valuable because of its sustained nature. I must do more about that aspect. It's important.
2. The question of practice Practice involves more than just rational argument - it must engage body, mind and spirit. My main practice would be writing, which is not just pure word production, of course, but includes thinking and struggling; and embodied aspects too, like silence and traveling. The blog contributes here - the attempt to crystallize moments and thoughts on the way.
3. The sense of purpose The story I tell myself is of how we live in a moment of uncertainty. (Perhaps all moments are uncertain, but anyway). Our times seem spiritually unsettled, as factors from consumerism to pluralism to materialism press in on every side. Emotional and fundamentalist versions of belief - religious and scientific - are all reactions against the uncertainty, though to my mind they miss the opportunity of now.
It can all be exhausting, but thrilling too - particularly when you meet kindred souls.
'Our problem, then, is too strict an insistence on the truth. Relentlessly champion accuracy and you kill the imagination. Insist on proof at every turn and conversation becomes verification. The "monstrous worship of facts" sucks the beauty out of art, and would abort all pregnant possibilities. Without lying, there is no human interaction at all, just an exchange of data as if we were machines.'
By Mark Vernon on Tuesday, March 2 2010, 06:42 - In the news
The Catholic Church is about to issue guidance on how its flock might vote in the forthcoming UK election, in a document called Choosing the Common Good. It's the pro-trad-family line that's been trailed, which is being interpreted as steering Catholics to voting rightwards. (Quite why is beyond me. I can't but think the Conservative fuss about marriage and taxation is a kind of displaced guilt from the real reason marriage is weakening: individual freedom, which in its neoliberal form has powered the policy of right for the last three decades.)
In some coverage of Citizen Ethics parallels have been drawn between some of the contributions in our pamphlet and Catholic social teaching. There is a common root that shapes my thinking, at least, namely Aristotle. He finds his way into Catholic social teaching via Thomas Aquinas. But our project is really very different.
We're not, of course, offering advice or guidance. We want to stimulate serious debate in a plural world. I'm not much aware this is something the Catholic Church encourages, 'debate' for the magisterium being about the problem of re-representing its 'timeless truths'. Doctrine works top-down. Debate works bottom-up. The document's appeal to the common good could be questioned too. It carries the implication that Catholicism speaks for the good of humanity, when in reality, pluralism forces any absolutist institution on the defensive. For common good it's hard not to read what's good for Catholic self-interest.
That said, I think there is an issue about ethics in a culture that marginalizes religion - not in the sense of whether you can be good without God (always a facile debate), but in the sense of the
philosophical and imaginative resources from which a virtue ethics approach can spring. Virtue ethics doesn't look to timeless principles for a steer on life - such as maximising happiness or following categorical imperatives - but rather sees the ethical life as a question of practical intelligence that can only be learned in life, much like the skill of an artist. This means that institutions, culture and traditions matter, in the same way that they matter to the artist. So it interests me what religious thinkers have to say about ethics: they are peculiarly sensitized to certain issues that matter. However, there's no turning back. Inasmuch as religion is marginalized, it's usually for good reasons - good ethical reasons, one might add. The future requires a remaking not a restatement.
'Or perhaps it's like investing in a stock market of meaning. It's hard to predict which belief stocks will rise or fall. Religious shares are volatile but high yielding. Perhaps agnostic bonds are a safer bet. And yet, who doesn't fear a faith crunch.'
'In short, friendship tells us that we are not billiard balls that collide and rebound. Neither are we like drops in the ocean, which lose their identity as they dissolve. Rather, we are a fine suspension of one another, in each other. We are dependent and independent. The good life, witnessed to by friendship, arises from both principles.'
By Mark Vernon on Thursday, February 25 2010, 07:43 - Moral matters
The investigation of Google by the European Commission serves to illustrate a point we're trying to make with Citizen Ethics. Google relies entirely on its algorithm to deliver search results. It presumably constantly tweaks it, but by relying on machines, claims disinterest in the results.
Which is ridiculous, of course, for the algorithm itself reflects the assumptions, or prejudices, of the programmers. It has a set of values built in, an ethic you might say. Just because that's buried in code doesn't mean it doesn't exist, though code might conceal it, for a while - perhaps the element the commission wants to bring to the light of day.
One of our key Citizen Ethics points is that values are buried in many features of modern life, from machine programming to market mechanisms. It cannot be otherwise, their origins being human, though we can and should seek to be more aware of it, and debate the ethic we otherwise slavishly follow.
By Mark Vernon on Wednesday, February 24 2010, 06:50 - Moral matters
Really enjoyed Ray Tallis' thought on this. It reduces you to an object. You're skewered, left pinned and wriggling. It's a 'metaphysical insult,' he says - and writes in his latest, brilliant book: 'You are merely that meaty object at this moment, now, and all your back history and your vision and opinions don't count.'
By Mark Vernon on Tuesday, February 23 2010, 07:54 - In the news
1. Our political economy was described by Arthur Seldon as 'Government of the busy by the bossy for the bully.' Politicians were the bossy ones, for him; his capitalists, the bullies. But hey? After three decades of Blatcherism, that these roles should blur and merge can hardly be thought surprising.
2. That otherwise serious journalists should spend days working themselves into a lather about whether the prime minister sometimes shouts at people, to me only serves to indicate that our discussion of moral character has become almost entirely vacuous.
For Aristotle, a lack of anger is as much a vice as being habitually bad-tempered or unreasonably fierce about trivialities. Anger is an appropriate moral emotion, as it powers us to seek justice.
By Mark Vernon on Monday, February 22 2010, 07:29 - Moral matters
I suspect that a large part of the issue we're grappling with on our Citizen Ethics project is how we've forgotten that ethics is primarily to do with lives lived, not arguments had. That's why stories are so important in virtue ethics: stories are of life, not just of reason, and virtues are primarily learnt in life, not worked out in your head.
This is really quite a substantial reorientation of the way we talk about ethics as it runs counter to the dominant utilitarian and deontological approaches.
An interesting example came up in a conversation I had last night, about ethics in the military. Soldiers are taught to reason about situations that might arise on the battlefield, but on the battlefield it's not reason that counts but character: it's that which steers your action in the heat of the moment. The marine doesn't reason what to do; he does what a marine does, or not. Regimental traditions - a kind of narrative - are similarly hugely important resources for ethics too, which would be another reason why outsourcing military operations to private mercenary firms, as is now common, is worrying. Do they teach honour or efficiency?
By Mark Vernon on Saturday, February 20 2010, 06:20 - Moral matters
Philip Pullman, Michael Sandel, Rowan Williams, Alain de Botton, Angie Hobbs, Tariq Ramadan, Andrew Copson, Camila Batmanghelidjh, Mary Migley, Robert and Edward Skidelsky, Will Hutton, John Milbank and more. They all agree that something profound has gone wrong with the way we do ethics, ensure justice, pursue the good life.
By Mark Vernon on Friday, February 19 2010, 08:03 - In the news
Last Sunday, 20 write to a national broadsheet saying it would be dangerous for the UK chancellor to wait on cuts. Today, 60 write to a national broadsheet saying it would be dangerous to cut too soon. Size queens all.
'His snapshot of the contemporary religious scene is unapologetically taken from the mountaintop, and it is also unapologetically optimistic. Cox recognises the risks associated with some of the features of the age of the spirit – its fundamentalism, say, or the prosperity gospel. But he argues they can't last. They are essentially reactions against modern biblical scholarship, which means "a religion based on subscribing to mandatory beliefs is no longer viable". Hence the emphasis on the spirit. Neither does he worry that Christianity today so often feels like a Jesus-centred personality cult. Rather, Pentecostalism is a positive force, part of "an inexorable movement of the human spirit whose hour has come".'
The blog might be thought of as the first draft of what I've been thinking about, seeing, hearing and reading.
I am an English writer, journalist, and author, used to be a priest in the Church of England, live in South London, and am an honorary research fellow at Birkbeck College, London. I am a founding member of